By Rachel B. Nashett, Application Engineer-Henkel Corporation
Plastics have become an integral part of everyday life. It would be difficult to identify a manufacturing process that does not use plastics. Even products that appear to be composed exclusively of metals are usually coated, sealed, or adhesively joined using polymeric materials which improve the performance, appearance, and longevity of metal products. Adhesive applications range from bonding critical medical components to heavy equipment.
When designing assemblies made from or including plastics, it is often critical to structurally hold assemblies together with a reliable mechanism. Plastics can be reliably fastened to a wide variety of substrates using an engineered adhesive solution. Adhesives are used in the manufacturing industry to provide structural integrity to assemblies, and to reduce the cost, time and waste associated with traditional mechanical fasteners and welding.
Industrial adhesives can effectively bond dissimilar substrates, distribute stress loads and vibrational forces, and increase the aesthetics of structural assemblies. In today’s competitive market, streamlining production and creating better, more reliable assemblies are critical factors to ensuring the success of modern manufacturers. Adhesives can successfully displace solvent welding in the plastics industry, join dissimilar substrates, and provide structural integrity to a wide variety of products and applications. According to the “Engineer’s Guide to Plastics,” adhesives are effective in bonding at least 36 different types of plastics. Other commonly used methods of joining plastics are not capable of joining nearly as many types of plastics.
To ensure the structural integrity of an adhesively joined assembly, appropriate steps should be taken to evaluate bond joint design and adhesive selection.
LOCTITE 4902FL is a flexible cyanoacrylate adhesive for the assembly of flexible medical devices. LOCTITE 4902 FL offers enhancements compared to other standard CAs including strength in flexing bond lines and resistance to leaks with excellent sealing capability.
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
When bonded correctly, the low tensile strengths of plastics and a large joint overlap can result in substrate failure of an assembly prior to an adhesive bond joint failure. There are five main types of forces which can be applied to adhesively bonded joints: tensile, shear, compression, peel, and cleavage. Tensile force is the force applied to an adhesively bonded joint when pulling the assembly apart perpendicularly to the bond line and adjoining substrate.
Shear force is the force applied when substrates in an adhesively bonded joint are pulled parallel from one another along a plane. In most adhesive qualification and testing, structural properties of an adhesive are evaluated in the shear plane. Many structural adhesives perform well when subjected to shear forces.
Compression can be an optimal force in which to place on an adhesively bonded assembly. Compressive forces are applied to an assembly when the adhesively bonded substrates are pushed together perpendicularly by an outside force.
Peel and cleavage forces are similar to each other, and are the least desirable forces to apply to an adhesively bonded assembly. Peel and cleavage forces are applied to the leading edge of an adhesively bonded assembly. These forces apply an uneven distribution of stress to the front edge of the bonded materials. Once the adhesive begins to pull apart along the leading edge, the fractures being created in the adhesive may begin to propagate through the bond line.
The force, or forces, which may be applied to the bond joint are critical in the adhesive selection process. Some adhesives perform better under certain conditions or have been designed to withstand specific forces better than other adhesives.
During the adhesive selection process, manufacturers should consider the environmental conditions the assembly will be exposed to throughout its intended usage period. Temperature, UV exposure, surface contamination, surface treatments, and solvent and chemical exposure are all environmental factors which should be considered during adhesive selection. Different adhesive chemistries are designed to meet specific manufacturing and end use conditions.
AVAILABLE STRUCTURAL ADHESIVE TECHNOLOGIES
A wide variety of adhesive technologies are available to meet the bonding needs of manufacturers. The top performing adhesives used for the structural bonding of plastics fall into three main adhesive categories: epoxies, cyanoacrylates, and methyl methacrylates.
Choosing which type of adhesive is appropriate for a manufacturing system depends on the materials being bonded, joint design, and the projected end use conditions of the assembly.
Epoxy Adhesives
Epoxies are structural adhesives which are available in one and two-part systems. Epoxies can provide unlimited gap filling capabilities and cure through depth, excellent thermal and chemical resistance, high cohesive strength (strength within the adhesive), low shrinkage, and good shear and peel strength. Many epoxies are machineable and paintable.
Epoxies cure when covalent bonds between the epoxy resin and hardener are formed. Catalysts can be added to the epoxy system to increase the cure rate. Controlled heat application to an epoxy can increase the crosslinking density of the adhesive in the bond area, resulting in higher cured strengths, and increased cure speeds.
Epoxy systems do have a few limitations. Epoxies tend to have a slow cure rate, with a fixture time between 5 minutes and 2 hours. Slower cure may be beneficial when extended time is required to join parts after adhesive application, or if parts need to be repositioned after being mated. Epoxies do exotherm during cure, so consideration needs to be taken if a manufacturer intends to use epoxies on highly sensitive parts.
If a manufacturer is bonding parts with a large bondline gap, or parts which will endure high temperatures or harsh chemicals, epoxies may be a bonding solution.
LOCTITE HY 4090 is a two component, general purpose adhesive that provides a fast fixture at room temperature. It is designed to bond a variety of substrates including metals, most plastics and rubbers.
Cyanoacrylates
Cyanoacrylates (CAs) are single component, quick fixturing, room temperature curing adhesives, which provide excellent adhesion to most substrates. The single component nature of CAs allows for easy automation of production lines. CAs are available in wide range of viscosities (water thin to gels), and have good resistance to moisture and non-polar chemicals.
Cyanoacrylates anionicly polymerize in the presence of a weak base such as water (which can be present in the form of humidity from the air on parts), and the neutralization of acid stabilizers present in the adhesive. As the acid stabilizers in the cyanoacrylate are neutralized, rapid polymerization occurs.
CAs bond to skin rapidly, have limited gap filling and curing capabilities, poor polar solvent resistance (isopropanol, acetone, methylene chloride), and poor long term durability on glass substrates. CAs may also exhibit slow cure speeds on dry or acidic surfaces, poor impact resistance and peel strength (due to the ridged nature of the cured adhesive), poor high-temperature performance, and low bond strengths to polyolefins.
LOCTITE 4902 FL is an innovative CA adhesive recently developed by Henkel Corporation. LOCTITE 4902FL is a highly flexible cyanoacrylate adhesive designed for the assembly of flexible medical devices. LOCTITE 4902 FL offers significant performance enhancements compared to standard CAs including strength in flexing bond lines and resistance to leaks with excellent sealing capability.
Accelerators are solvent based products designed to increase the cure speed of cyanoacrylates, reduce fixture time, and increase the gap cure capabilities of the adhesive system.
Primers are solvent based products which are applied to a substrate and used to assist in promoting adhesion on difficult to bond substrates with low surface energy, such as polyolefins.
Some CAs contain rubber toughening agents which enhance peel and impact strengths of CAs on bonded assemblies.
Surface insensitive adhesives provide enhanced bonding performance on acidic surfaces and enhanced adhesive performance in low humidity curing environments. Surface insensitive CAs typically provide the highest adhesive bond strengths on most plastics. In destructive assembly testing, the plastic material often fails before the adhesive.
Two Part Cyanoacrylates
Two part CAs are two component, extremely quick fixturing, room temperature curing adhesives, which provide excellent adhesion to a wide variety of substrates. Due to the dual component nature of two part CAs, these adhesives are slightly more difficult to automate and integrate into production lines than standard CAs. Currently, two-part CAs are only available as gels. Two part CAs have excellent resistance to moisture and non-polar chemicals.
Two part CA adhesive systems are only available in dual cartridges with a single use mix nozzle. One side of the cartridge contains the cyanoacrylate monomer resin, and the other side of the cartridge contains a catalyst which promotes the cure of the adhesive system. Like the epoxy adhesive systems, two-part CAs do exotherm during cure.
Since they are not limited to a moisture cure system, two-part CAs have wide gap filling and curing capabilities, unlike traditional one part CA adhesives. Two part CAs have a more rapid speed of cure than one part CAs, and provide enhanced bonding performance on acidic surfaces and in low humidity curing environments. Two part CAs also provide high bond strengths on most plastics. Like one part CAs, in destructive assembly testing, the plastic material often fails before the adhesive.
Cyanoacrylate / Epoxy Hybrids
[bctt tweet=”Cyanoacrylate/Epoxy hybrid adhesives are one of the newest breakthrough innovations in the cyanoacrylate adhesive industry. ” username=”@DW_MikeSantora”]LOCTITE HY 4090, the first of Henkel’s new range of hybrid adhesives for the manufacturing industry, combines the technology of cyanoacrylates and epoxies in a single product. The resulting hybrid delivers a combination of properties unique to this technology and offers an alternative to more traditional structural adhesive products.
LOCTITE HY 4090, a patent protected formula, is a two component, general purpose adhesive that provides a very fast fixture at room temperature. It is designed to bond a variety of substrates including metals, most plastics and rubbers. LOCTITE HY 4090 provides good temperature and moisture resistance which also makes it suitable for applications in high temperature/humidity environments. Its thixotropic nature makes it suitable for applications where good gap filling properties on rough and poorly fitting surfaces are required. [6]
Methyl Methacrylate Adhesives
Methyl Methacrylate (MMA) adhesives are two-component, resin and hardener, structural adhesive systems. MMAs cure at room temperature when the resin and hardener are mixed at the proper ratio.
The resins in MMA systems consist of an elastomer dissolved in acrylic monomers, mixed with peroxides. The elastomers in the adhesive formulation provide MMAs with strength and temperature resistance. The peroxides in the MMA adhesive formulations begin to decompose when exposed to the MMA hardener, or catalyst, creating free radicals resulting in polymerization. MMA adhesive systems form high-strength structural bonds to plastics, composites, and metals.
MMAs are versatile adhesives with a variety of available formulations to meet the needs of a manufacturer. These adhesive materials can handle a high loading of rubber fillers, and still maintain exceptional strength properties. Rubber fillers result in a polymer with excellent peel and impact strength. MMAs are also available with glass beads mixed into the formulations, which assist in providing a consistent bondline thickness. MMA adhesive systems are flammable and exothermic. Some have a limited cure depth of 0.03-in., and they tend to have a strong odor.
MMA adhesives provide superior adhesion to a wide variety of substrates, exceptional chemical resistance, high peel and impact strength, good gap filling properties, and cure speeds ranging from 5 minutes to 1 hour. MMA adhesives can develop fixture strength in 2 minutes and full strength in 4 to 24 hours. Unlike other adhesive systems, MMAs have the ability to cut through a variety of surface contaminations and provide strong reliable bonds.
Adhesives are being rapidly introduced into the production world to provide cost and time savings, reduce waste, and to build better, stronger, more reliable assemblies. When selected properly, adhesives can be used to reliably fasten plastics to a wide variety of substrates.
If an adhesive is introduced during, or even after, the design phase of a project, the manufacturing process can be streamlined and a higher quality, lower cost assembly can be brought to market.
Henkel
www.henkel-adhesives.com
Filed Under: Fastening + joining, Commentaries • insights • Technical thinking, Adhesives • epoxies
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